The Differences between the Chinese Guanxi (Connections) and Australians

Table of Contents Introduction How business is conducted in Guanxi How to establish a relationship in Guanxi Differences of Australian’s networking with guanxi Conclusion Bibliography Footnotes Introduction Guanxi is Chinese word that means relationships, any kind of relationships. In the business culture, it simply refers to the network relationships that exist among business partners that cooperate and support each other. Guanxi networks are borne of the Chinese mentality that could be understood as â€Å"you scratch my back, I’ll scratch yours.† 1 In this spirit, parties are expected to exchange favors regularly and voluntarily.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Differences between the Chinese Guanxi (Connections) and Australian’s specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In doing business successfully in China, acquiring the right Guanxi is very important in that the risks, frustratio ns and disappointments that easily discourage foreigners are minimized. Acquiring a Guanxi with the relevant authorities in regard to ones business will put your business into a long time competitive advantage2. Moreover, for any business enterprise in China a series of risks, barriers, and setups it experiences can be discouraging or render it unable to survive in the market but with the correct Guanxi working for your business, these barriers are eliminated 3. This fact has been refuted by4 who says that benefits of Guanxi in business performance have been exaggerated and cannot be proven since there is not enough data due to the secrecy that shrouds the practice. Establishing and nurturing a guanxi is a taxing investment in terms of resources and time but in the long run, these investments pay from the favors a person receives from partners especially when they are needed. A common phenomenon in domestic businesses, in the country, is where a strong network of suppliers, retailer s, banks and local government official are working together. In this circle, a common culture is where members visit each other’s residence on social visits and brings gifts to the hosts in terms of wine, cigarettes etc. In the western culture, this may be viewed as intrusion, but in China, this is another arena for furthering business interests as 5 observes. Australian networking takes the western route. This means creating an opportunity to meet and build rapport with people who can help in career development if one is looking for a job, chances of meeting new people and exchanging ideas if one is interested in social networking and chances of connecting businesses for business owners and entrepreneurs 6. This is done through networking events, groups or online.Advertising Looking for essay on business communication? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Networking organizations such as Networking World in Australia are bu siness organizations that offer networking services for businesses to join networking groups or events. Business networking is built over time through sharing information and building trust though this is done in a more formal way than in Guanxi. Businesses networking is done as a long term strategy for people mainly want to judge others professionalism, expertise and confidence. The major focus of networking is gaining contacts, leads and referrals without any personal gifts expected7. How business is conducted in Guanxi The way business is conducted in china is different in many ways from how the western world conducts theirs8. First Chinese businesses prefer to the transaction with people they know and trust relying on relationships, as opposed to who offers the best deal. For an organization that wishes to do business with the Chinese, it has to establish a relationship with the necessary parties who will get to know them first before any business deal is sealed. These relations hips do not simply mean companies getting to know each other but also the individuals involved at a personal level through visits, participating in activities together such as sports and informal meetings among others. These are not one off affair that is done before deals are signed, but an ongoing proces9. This means this relationship has to be maintained if more business relations are expected. How to establish a relationship in Guanxi Guanxi is established first by treating someone with decency and then showing trustworthiness whether on individual or company level10. If a Chinese establishes you can be trusted, he/she is likely to do more business with you. In order to strengthen this relationship, dependability and reliability are very crucial where you can be counted on in good and hard times. Finally, making regular contacts with each other cultivates understanding and emotional bonding and at this level, you are already friends and the Chinese will feel compelled to do busi ness with you first. In another aspect of Guanxi, is the relationships with high rank officials which is still of paramount importance in conducting successful business in China though this culture of political and administrative interference is reducing11. Companies that do business with government subsidiaries still find this important but for those that do not need help from the government it is of less importance.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Differences between the Chinese Guanxi (Connections) and Australian’s specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Guanxi at another form function as information resources network and for companies that have a wide relationship web, they are able to achieve much better results than those that have little or no relationship with Chinese12. Differences of Australian’s networking with guanxi Australian networking in business takes the form of marketing relationshi ps or business networks that those involved have nothing to do with each other at a personal level. On the other hand, Guanxi in China involves personal relationships where business is all about individuals involved and interact at a personal level even before they conduct any form of business13. In Australian, business networks involves companies and goods in the industry that are being traded with, and the relationships they create at the business level, as opposed to a single employee being the center of the relationship. In China, however, Guanxi is seen as property of an individual working at a personal level; therefore, the company is utilizing the Guanxi assets of its employees. This means that when the person leaves the company, this asset of the networks he/she had created is lost to the organization14. In Australia business networks or relationships are between parties who are exchanging products or ideas in their transactions and money is involved. In the Guanxi, the pers ons involved often do not have goods or services they are exchanging and, therefore, are neither buyers or sellers or even business partners. These are often exchanging connections and other favors as it may involve a businessman or an employee of a company with a government official or a person with a connection to a government official. Example as described by15 is of an executive of an overseas company who has a friend in close to a key government official, and is constantly fed information on an upcoming project and the executive gives appropriate presentation based on this information and gets the tender. In the western business networks, customers and the companies or business partners are all part of the network which does not extend beyond business while, in guanxi customers, business partners or even the organization may not be part of it since it involves private contacts that relate at a personal, informal and clandestine exchanges. In the above example, the executive of the overseas company and his informant friend in the government have a personal relationship and exchange information secretary and informally without the involvement of the organizations they work for16.Advertising Looking for essay on business communication? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In Australia, the form of information exchanged between the executive and the Chinese government officials, obviously with a reward, is unethical and constitutes to bribery. Law is broken and this can lead to serious actions taken against the participants, but in China, this is perfectly alright, it is an example of Guanxi at work17. Conclusion Chinese networking (Guanxi) and Australian networking are clearly very different from each other. This is in terms of the level of involvement where in Australia businesses relate at the organization level while in china personal relationships are involved. Relationships are also viewed as a personal property in Guanxi while this is not the case in Australia. In Guanxi, also personal gifts exchange hands between parties while this is not the case in Australian networks and finally, Guanxi will be viewed as bribery and law breaking in Australia while, in China, this is perfectly legal. Bibliography Coopes, Amy. â€Å"Australia is social netwo rking capital of the world.† The Telegraph, 2010. Fan, Ying. â€Å"Guanxi’s Conseguences: personal gains at social cost.† Journal of  Business Ethics, 2002: 371-380. Gao, Hongmei. â€Å"Comparing Chinese guanxi with American networking for foreign-born Chinese job seekers in the U.S.† Business Library, 2007. Web. Hinner, Michael. Chinese and Western business cultures: A comparison and contrast.  Australia: Peter lang Publishing, Inc, 2005. Lo, Vincent. â€Å"Chinese Business Culture: Guanxi, An Important Chinese Business Element.† Los Angeles Chinese Learning Center.  Web. Mungenast, Hannes. Chinese Business Culture. Germany: GRIN Verlag, 2007. Reuvid, Jonathan. Doing Business with China. United States of America: GMB Publishing, 2005. Sun, Ted. Inside the Chinese business mind: a tactical guide for managers. United States of America: ABC-CLIO, 2010. Vanhonacker, Wilfried. â€Å"Guanxi Networks in China: how to be the spider not the fly.†Ã‚  The China Business Review, 2004: 48-60. Wray, Richard, and Heather Stewart. â€Å"Western business struggles to break Chinese barriers.† The Guardian, March 28, 2010: 8. Footnotes 1 Lo, Vincent. â€Å"Chinese Business Culture: Guanxi, An Important Chinese Business Element.† Los Angeles Chinese Learning Center. 2 Sun, Ted. Inside the Chinese business mind: a tactical guide for managers. United States of America: ABC-CLIO, 2010. 3 Gao, Hongmei. â€Å"Comparing Chinese guanxi with American networking for foreign-born Chinese job seekers in the U.S.† Busioness Library, 2007. 4 Vanhonacker, Wilfried. â€Å"Guanxi Networks in China: how to be the spider not the fly.†Ã‚  The China Business Review, 2004: 48-60. 5 Fan, Ying. â€Å"Guanxi’s Conseguences: personal gains at social cost.† Journal of  Businesss Ethics, 2002: 371-380. 6 Coopes, Amy. â€Å"Australia is social networking capital of the world.† The Telegraph, 2010. 7 Hinner, Mi chael. Chinese and Western business cultures: A comparison and contrast.  Australia: Peter lang Publishing, Inc, 2005. 8 Gao, Hongmei. â€Å"Comparing Chinese guanxi with American networking for foreign-born Chinese job seekers in the U.S.† Busioness Library, 2007. 9 Hinner, Michael. Chinese and Western business cultures: A comparison and contrast.  Australia: Peter lang Publishing, Inc, 2005. 10 Wray, Richard, and Heather Stewart. â€Å"Western business struggles to break Chinese barriers.† The Guardian, March 28, 2010: 8. 11 Hinner, Michael. Chinese and Western business cultures: A comparison and contrast.  Australia: Peter lang Publishing, Inc, 2005. 12 Mungenast, Hannes. Chinese Business Culture. Germany: GRIN Verlag, 2007. 13 Reuvid, Jonathan. Doing Business with China. United States of America: GMB Publishing, 2005. 14 Sun, Ted. Inside the Chinese business mind: a tactical guide for managers. United States of America: ABC-CLIO, 2010. 15 Vanhonacker, Wilfrie d. â€Å"Guanxi Networks in China: how to be the spider not the fly.†Ã‚  The China Business Review, 2004: 48-60. 16 Gao, Hongmei. â€Å"Comparing Chinese guanxi with American networking for foreign- born Chinese job seekers in the U.S.† Busioness Library, 2007. 17 Fan, Ying. â€Å"Guanxi’s Conseguences: personal gains at social cost.† Journal of  Businesss Ethics, 2002: 371-380. This essay on The Differences between the Chinese Guanxi (Connections) and Australian’s was written and submitted by user Farrah Rodgers to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

100 Years Of History Essays - Conservatism In The United States

100 Years Of History Essays - Conservatism In The United States 100 Years of History CURRENT EVENTS: 1945-1996 1945 On April 12 Harry S. Truman became President of the United States of America., In Washington, D.C. On August 6 at 9:15 a.m. US fighter planes dropped an Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima Japan. In Berlin, Germany on April 30, Adolf Hitler was found dead, Hitler committed suicide. 1946 On October 16 in Nurenburg, 9 Nazi war criminals were hanged for the crimes during WW II. On April 25 Big Four Ministers met in Paris to finalize a treaty with Germany, to end WWII. In Austria Queens New York, on October 22, Chester Carlos tried his experiment that is commonly known as the Xerox machine. 1947 On November 20, in England, Queen Elizabeth gets married to her cousin Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. On November 2, at the Long Beach Harbor, in Los Angeles, the Spruce Goose, the world's largest airplane, flies for the first time. It got to 70 feet and flew for a mile. On April 7, in the US, Henry Ford dies at the age of 83. 1948 On July 7, in Cleveland, Satchel Paige, a Negro sidearm pitcher, signed a contract to pitch for the all white Cleveland Indians, against the Yankees. In Washington, D.C. on June 24, President Harry S Truman signs a new Draft Act, requiring men 19 to 25 to register for the US military. On January Mohandas K Gahndi was assassinated at 78, in India, he died 20 minutes after being shot. 1949 On the continent of the United States, Albert Einstein presents his gravitational theory to the world, on December 26. On July 27, Captain John Cunningham, a WW II fighter ace, flies the first jet airline, the Comet, from Britain. On October 10 in New York, Jackie Robinson wins the World Series MVP 1950 On January 25 the North Korean Reds invade Southern Korea by crossing the 38 Th parallel, a line set to separate the Korean land given to the Russians after WWII. On July 31 President Truman, from the White House in Washington, D.C., authorizes military build up in Korea, to stop the communist invasion of southern Korea. On August 21, in the US, Negro tennis player, Althea Gibson, becomes the first Negro to be admitted to pro tennis. 1951 On January 15 the UN slows down the attack by North Korea and China in Korea. On November 28 the UN makes the 38 Th parallel a truce line for North Korea and South Korea, putting an end to the Korean war. In October, in New York the Yankees beat the Mets to win the World Series. 1952 On March 5, in Washington, D.C., Dwight Eisenhower becomes president of the United States by a landslide. In Cuba on March & the US signs a military aid pact with Cuba. On January 1 Illinois defeats Stanford 40-7 at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California. 1953 On March 5 in Moscow, Joseph Stalin dies in a hospital, sometime before 10:00 p.m., after suffering from a heart attack. On June 2, in England, Elizabeth the II is crowned queen of England. On September 2 in Newport, Rhode Island, John Fitzgerald Kennedy gets married to Jacqueline Lee Buoveir. 1954 On January 31 in Berlin the Big 4 met to discuss concerns for atomic weaponry. The Nautilus, the first US atomic submarine, is launched from Connecticut, at a harbor in Groton, on January 21. Joe Dimaggio got married to Marilyn Monroe at the San Francisco City Hall, on January 14. 1955 On July 18 in Anaheim, California, Disneyland opens Never Never Land. The Big Four at Geneva on July 23 decided to discuss the problems in Europe at a later date, sometime in October. French tanks, in Morocco, on July 27, halt Moroccan riots, killing 56 people in the process. 1956 On February 24 in Montgomery, Alabama buses are being boycotted, which was started by Rosa parks have gotten about 115 Negroes arrested. In April the Supreme Court rules that Negroes can ride buses with equal rights in Virginia, and will soon be enforced in 12 other southern counties. On March 22 in Montgomery, Alabama, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., a reverend, and equality movement leader, was arrested and found guilty for orchestrating the bus boycotts. 1957 On January 21 President Eisenhower is sworn in for his second term as president, in Washington, D.C. On January 4 the UN reopened the Suez Canal, after repairing damage done during the Suez Canal incident. On January 10 in Britain, Harold Macmillian replaced

BMW AG (Bried Description Of The Company) Assignment

BMW AG (Bried Description Of The Company) - Assignment Example 4. M sport exhausts system installation on BMW 650i Coupe or BMW 650I convertible models. M sport exhaust system, which is a motor-racing inspired device, helps in reducing the exhaust backpressure and assist the acoustics of the V8 power unit when the vehicle accelerates or decelerates (Bragman 1). The new 6-series cars aims at providing high motor racing cars with a driver assistant system features of 5-series model. The new model would be relevant for use during spring. Since the extensions aims at improving the features of 5-series that already exist, the production fits line extension strategy. Line extension strategy is advantageous to the company because of its low cost and risks involved compared to conventional strategies such as creation of new brands in the same line. Economic advantage of line extension informs the decision by BMW group to advance from its 5 to 6 Series Models. Marketers can speculate and predict future trends in sales of extended brands compared to innovative brands newly introduced in into the market. BMW group’s decision to advance its BMW and MINI models was effective in increasing sales and heightening competitive edge for its rival companies in the industry. Existing consumer awareness renders brand extension as viable strategy compared to introduction of new brands in the market. It is easier to create awareness and imagery for extended brand than brands that are new in the market. Extended brands have associations with the main brand and, therefore, easier to market that new brands. BMW group’s decision to extend its brand from 5 to 6 Series is feasible because it enhanced promotion of extended brand based on consumers’ knowledge of the main brand. Consumer trust on the main brand renders it easier to market extended brands compared to new brands. Extensions benefit from existing consumer trust. Consumers have high likelihood of trying extended brands

Humanitarian logistics during the indian ocean tsunami in the andaman Essay

Humanitarian logistics during the indian ocean tsunami in the andaman and nicobar islands - Essay Example Placed within this supply chain is logistics – moving material from one place to another, which further comprises of inbound, outbound and/or reverse logistics (Figure 1). SUPPLIERS INBOUND LOGISTICS INTERNAL OPERATIONS OUTBOUND LOGISTICS RETAILERS /DISTRIBUTORS INTERNAL INTERFACES EXTERNAL INTERFACES From this profit-oriented point of view, logistics now finds itself on humanitarian grounds where a different war is waged and a different victory is aimed at – the victory of saving lives, minimizing destruction, and assuaging helplessness caused by disasters. Humanitarian logistics is an emerging field with functions similar to business logistics yet with different outcomes. Two main streams of humanitarian logistics can be distinguished: disaster relief and continuous aid work. The focus of disaster relief operations is to transport the immediate requirements of affected communities – first aid material, food, equipment and rescue personnel – where they are needed and to evacuate affected people to safe places rapidly (Barbarosoglu et al., 2002). Continuous aid is focused on re-building lives and re-establishing livelihoods and infrastructures. The Fritz Institute defines humanitarian relief logistics as â€Å"the process of planning, implementing and controlling the efficient, cost-effective flow and storage of goods and materials, as well as related information, from the point of origin to the point of consumption for the purpose of alleviating the suffering of vulnerable people† (Thomas and Kopczak, 2005). Humanitarian logistics encompasses a range of activities including preparedness, planning, procurement, transport, warehousing, tracking and tracing, and customs clearance (Thomas and Kopczak, 2005).

HR PROJECT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

HR PROJECT - Essay Example The individual will receive tough operational predisposition for aspects like recruitment, performance management, benefits, compensation, employee relationship, and benefits to management and training (Armstrong, 2003). Job Duties: An ideal candidate should have motivational skills, should enjoy leading teams actively and can be an integral part of the wining team. Other essential requirements have been mentioned below: Prior experience in working in Middle-East is necessary. An effective track of stability and career progress Candidate should hold (preferred) an EU passport Minimum experience of around 3 years in multi-site or senior cluster with regards to HRD is essential Experience in Five star deluxe or five star is essential Should have both pragmatic and strategic approach Strong attitude with regards to approach and attitude Strong interpersonal and communication skills (Barclay, 2001). Due to specific requirement with regards to this role, the candidates considered for this role would be personally interviewed by the senior management. Job title: Assistant Security Director, Security and Compliance Dept. Date of Analysis: 13 December 2013 Reporting: COO Job Code: #1004002 Summary of the Job: Currently candidates for Assistant Security Director are being looked for. This role will assist the security department in the hotel to guarantee the completion of compliance accordingly to the hotel policies and the procedures. Every regulations stated by the government under the safety and security standard framework has to be duly followed. The candidate would be responsible for the safety and security within the hotel premises to ensure that safety of the hotel properties and overall safety of the employees, guests and their personal belonging. The major responsibilities would not be limited to educating and training the employees regarding the present safety issues, fire protection and security for ensuring compliances by abiding by the group loss control gu idelines (Bernadin, 2007). The scheduled preventive repairs and maintenance for the security equipment would be required and it has to be ensured that the equipments are prepared and operational for daily activities. Job Duties: Candidate need to have at least 3 years of experience in handling similar responsibilities for hotel industry. Experience in military, law enforcement, supervisory experience or equivalent combination would also suffice. Even First Aid instructor, Certified CPR, training for law enforcement, etc would be also preferable. The person would be also required to work on weekends, holidays or night if required. The individual will also have to bring in strong management ability and skill for analyzing the statistics and metrics for preparation of action plan and also communicate them through written reports. In return the candidate would be offered benefits, competitive pay and an opportunity to work with a pool of talented people. Moreover, the candidate would be given independence to work and implement his/ her own plan of action. We are an equal opportunity employer (Berry, 1997). Job Title: Reservation Manager, Operations Date of Analysis: 13 December 2013 Reporting: Director (Hotel Operations) Job Code: #1005001 Summary of the Job: In the position of a Reservation Manag

Case Study of Strategic Management at Honda

Case Study of Strategic Management at Honda Why do you think Honda has chosen this strategy? Is this characteristic of the company and industry? Should Honda pick one upon which to focus its efforts or is it important for Honda to pursue synergies (and preserve its options) by developing and promoting multiple technologies? The Honda is developing environmental friendly auto mobile and maintain global point of view with the loyalty of supply high quality product. Honda strategy has consistently emphasized innovation, environmental friendliness and independence. Innovativeness they are always engaging with research and development to develop multi-technology and environmental friendly automobiles. As a result from 1946 to 2010 Honda had proven their capability. They are acknowledged leader in the development of hybrid cars and gains mars market acceptation. An environmental friendly automobile was not a new strategy for them. In fact they work on developing cleaner transportation alternatives had begun decades earlier. Honda hybrid model are designed for fuel efficiency. It will be supporting to reduce natural recourse depletion. From 1999 Honda won the different accolades from environmental group. Independence is other emphasizes strategy of their business. Honda choose not to collaborate or licensing its technology to others. They want to maintain their independences and essentially going solo. How do I analyze the reason for choosing this strategy? The reason for choosing this strategy is Honda will be supporting to reduce natural recourse depletion, to become environmental friendly. Since Honda has a long track proof of developing environmental friendly and multi technology automobile In July 2002, Honda has succeeded in manufacturing the first fuel cell vehicle with applicable industry standards. It has taken 51 years as of 1997, for Honda Corporation to launch hybrid vehicle Insight ever though Honda was founded in 1946. Starting from developing of engines for bicycles, then moved in to sports cars, establishment of 100 factories in 33 countries, while maintaining steadfastly independence of the company since 1956 and grown into one of the worlds largest automobile manufacturers not an easy task. I believe the bottom line of the story behind this is the strategy adopted by Honda. Even though the numbers of hybrid vehicles sold in 2000 2004 were very small with many obstacles, when compared with the other traditional automobiles, I say, the achievement in 2002 is mainly due to the strategy adopted by the company as Honda steadfastly maintained its independence. Final outcome of most of the research and developments takes time. It needs investment from the company as well as the high level support from the overall business strategy of the organization which involve risk but potentially profitable business opportunities in time to come. Licensing and joint venture strategies are powerful strategies in common in any industry as well as practiced by Toyota in this case study. The hybrid product develop by Toyota also has its own advantages and disadvantages where the same situation applicable for Honda hybrid cars. I agree, with the style of Hondas management where they have kept the business development exclusively in-house with all aspects of a technology, from its strengths to its weaknesses. In addition to that in-house know-how has led to maintain competitive advantage which was difficult for competitors to imitate. That is why Honda has succeeded in manufacturing the first fuel cell vehicle with all applicable industry standards in July 2002. Is this characteristic of company or industry? This is a characteristic of both company and industry, because there is demand for all types of vehicle. Honda stepped in to automobile industry at 1963. But Honda has quickly leads the superior of fuel economy, thats the characteristic of industry. Since founding Honda they are gradually introducing new technology, there for their growth rate is superior, there stability and quality demonstrate the industry characteristic. Today the business environment is in highly turbulent and corporate strategy plays a vital role in a diversified firm. In order to achieve long term success of a firm they should lay down aggregated strategies in cost leadership, differentiation or focus on the right markets through their business strategy. Those are the bottom line characteristics of a company as well as in the markets. Car manufacturing industry also has its own characteristics when compared the other industries. When acquiring new knowledge the company needs to win hearts and minds of the consumers as the competition is in full scale especially in car markets. Therefore, it is understood and confirms the overall corporate strategy of Honda matches with the characteristics of a company as well as different markets. Otherwise Honda may not be able to sell cars in US, pass all industry acceptance tests. 1.3 How Honda should pursue synergies in the company? Their investments basic research and development helps to the company to stable in the technology boundary and be a first mover when commercial versions of technologies are ready to be rolled out. Their culture seems to place immense value on introducing environmental friendly vehicles. By developing and promoting multiple technologies they believe ultimately are a dominant auto type. Company is an association of persons who are united for a common purpose. In the car manufacturing sector they transform raw materials to the finished goods on a large scale and expected to sell to the wholesalers or retailers where end users or the consumers purchase goods after launching. Form the scraps to the finished product the company needs to work on a strategy and the overall Business strategy of a company should be cerate synergy and finally achieve competitive advantage as a whole. Therefore Honda should know which business they should be in the expected markets. Finished goods have to undergo all types of economic systems at a profit without making losses under various policies and regulations adopted by deferent Governments of the respective market places. Therefore company has to have overall business strategy while maintaining synergy. It usually arises when two persons or more than that works together. Different complementary skill creates synergy which can contribute a lot in achieving competitive advantage as a whole in an organization. According to the data table given in the case study on 2005 Honda and Toyota U.S. Hybrid Sales it is understood different models like Honda Accord, Civic, Insight has a market even though the sales figures are less when compared with sales in Toyota. I believe being a mass car manufacturer like Honda should pursue synergies by developing and promoting multiple technologies for different target markets. Does having a single environmental friendly car standard benefit or hurt consumers? Does it benefit or hurt car producers? Standardization of a certain technology is the process of brining order into an otherwise chaotic system that adheres to no strict rules of conduct, thus entertaining a significant amount of freedom in expansion and growth. In my opinion, standardizations does more harm to a technology still in its infancy than good by bringing order and governance to the domain. Every scientific study and resultant technologies should be for the benefit of the mankind and its consumers, even though there are countless examples contradicting this fact. But with the dominance of the consumerism in current world, we cannot neglect to include the impact of standardization of these technologies in this discussion. Having environmental friendly Hybrid eclectic vehicle is benefit as well as hurt to consumers. We can argue as both ways. Consumers are well educated and well informed over what they need and what they want. The marketing oriented management dictates that business organizations should listen to their customers and fulfill their requirements in order to generate higher profits and sustain customer equity. Since Environment Friendly Motor Cars is a relatively new market with fewer well versed consumers, it is important that they are allowed to explore and figure out what suits them the best. Current market situation is best used as a test ground for the new technologies and innovations. Once all the scientific tests are performed on a new technology, it should be subjected to the test of ubiquity and acceptance of the market. Therefore I strongly believe that availability of various options is for the best of consumers that this point. One standard means lesser confusion for the consum ers for sure. But it would also limit the potential they can expect from their motor vehicles. Availability of many peer technologies under testing level at the same time in the market will make sure that an inefficient technology would not monopolize over an unsaturated and newborn market. In the perspective of motor car producers, there is an overhead in funding resources on a number of technologies instead of one standard. But this gives them the flexibility to explore deeper into technologies and come up with better and efficient inventions. They dont have to limit themselves with standards and risk being obsolete not adhering to a market accepted standard. Their investments may not always lead to successful and marketable inventions. But the knowledge and experience they gain by working on multiple technologies is invaluable and can be put to use for the betterment of future product developments as well for the growth of the industry as a whole. This will render both direct and indirect benefits for car producers in general without having to get stuck on one technology that could be standardized, yet soon rendered obsolete when the next breakthrough in the industry comes along.

History Of The Internet Essay -- essays research papers

The year is 1957 and the USSR has just launched the first artificial earth satellite. In response America launches the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) within the Department of Defense (DOD) to create America’s lead in science and technology. The Internet had its humble beginnings here, within ARPA’s many projects.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Internet has become one of the key symbols of today’s pop culture: everything has a â€Å"dot com† address; people do not say â€Å"call me,† but instead its â€Å"I’ll E-mail you;† and the new word on the stock market is â€Å"E-business.† The Internet has not always been such a key figure in American life; in fact it was mostly unheard of until recently.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The theory for the Internet first started being published in 1961 with Leonard Kleinrock’s document on packet-switching theory, â€Å"Information Flow in Large Communication Net.† This document presented the theory behind the first problem of the Internet, and how to solve it1. The problem was this: when a large document is sent then pieces of it become lost in transfer and the entire document has to be resent, but then different pieces are missing from the new copy of the document. This is a major problem and the obvious solution is to â€Å"chop† the information up into smaller pieces and then transmit the smaller pieces2. Then another problem was realized, how does the computer know where to put these small bits of information? The solution to that was what has come to be known as packet-switching (PS). In PS, the entire document is sent in a bunch of tiny â€Å"packets,† these packets contain the information of the document â€Å"wrapped† in its placement on the page. The receiving computer then sends a message back to the transmitting computer telling it which packets were corrupted or missing and the transmitting computer then re-sends the lost information3.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The next problem that the Internet faced was first discovered at the ARPA’s networking project, ARPAnet. Since it was militarily connected, the leaders of ARPAnet wanted a way that information could be moved between two computers without requiring a direct connection in case the direct link between two computers failed (was destroyed). The way that the ARPAnet project dealt with this was by having the network bounce the information around without it taking a direct path... ... but enough to crash the Internet and land Mr. Morris (Jr.) a hefty fine and prison time. Earlier in that year, Internet Relay Chat was developed; something that has become one of the key factors in Internet usage today8.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the ten years since the Morris Worm the Internet has gone mainstream. After the ARPAnet ceased, the Internet had an explosion in usage and has become the giant that Americans know today. It has transformed from its humble beginnings, when it crashed on the first attempted remote LOGIN, into an economy driving, pop culture staple. Few people have heard of men such as Leonard Kleinrock, but none can say he has not contributed to America today. So, when you think about the Cold War, think about Sputnik and the Internet it created. Bibiography Hafner, Katie; Lyon, Matthew. Where Wizards Stay up Late: The Origins of the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Internet. Touchstone Books; 1998. Kristula, David. â€Å"The History of the Internet.† Network Solutions, Inc. â€Å"What is the History of the Internet?.† Segaller, Stephen. Nerds 2.0.1: A Brief History of the Internet. TV Books Inc.; 1999 Sterling, Bruce. â€Å"A Brief History of the Internet.†

911

Monday 19th October English course work Ross Kemp in Afghanistan and 9/11 documentaries By Sophia Howkins Introduction:- In this essay I am going to compare both documentaries about Ross Kemp in Afghanistan and the 911 crash. Both of these documentaries are related as they both started because of the same reason. They are based on the real drama on the attack and life in the army. The war began on October 7, 2001; the aim of invasion was to find Osama Bin Laden. British and the U. S military launched in response to the 11 attacks in September, The 911 happened on Tuesday 11th September 2001 in the morning in the United States.Genre:- The first ever documentary was made in France 1895, there was no sound or colour it was just a moving image there was no editing used just a long take of a film. The word documentary comes from the word evidence and realistic approach means long takes filming life in true form and formative approach means editing montage (more aesthetically pleasing). Do cumentaries now are more formative approach not a realistic approach because they have more equipment to edit the documentary. Mock documentaries have caused scepticism in an audience so when it comes to true documentaries the audience don’t believe them.But most documentaries are based on true stories e. g. filming wildlife. Documentaries are thought to be educational and boring to some people. Ross Kemps documentary in Afghanistan is a typical documentary because of the subject war/political this documentary uses both formative approach and realistic because it has some editing in. And it is a moderated documentary; this documentary has informal interviews, the location of the shooting on a held hand cam, synchronous sound recording and voice over the filming. Context:-The film called Ross Kemp in Afghanistan is based on the war happening today, it is over the 9/11 attack on the twin towers. It has carried on over all these years and it started in 2001 and is still ongoing. The British army’s aim for the attack was to find Laden. The documentary Ross Kemp in an Afghanistan was Directed by John Conroy and Anuar Arroyo (2nd series) Produced by Matt Bennett. The two series involved Kemp and a small embedded film crew following troops fighting in Helmand Province, documenting their part in the ongoing Herrick.In the first series Kemp and his crew participate in the Vikings initial training in Britain for the deployment. They then visit the unit during their six month tour, filming both lives at rest and on fighting patrols in Helmand. The series finally covers their return to the UK. In the follow up series Kemp returns to Afghanistan to assess how the conflict has changed since his first visit in 2007. During the filming of the first series, in one engagement the crew were pinned down by fire from the Taliban, with Kemp nearly dying with bullets passing within inches.In filming the second series, Kemp runs into a possible minefield. The show was p raised for the closeness and realism of the battle footage, and is believed to be the first documentary of its kind filmed in. Audience:- The audience of this documentary is young lads who are deciding to join the army or who are already in it. The age audience is 16 to late 30’s. Audience has changed over the years because documentaries use more popular subjects which are attractions a younger audience. Typical audience over the years are mainly people who enjoy watching documentaries.Documentaries either educate or a hobby. Viewers may have a hobby and like to watch documentaries what interest them or schools use them for educational reasons. Narrative:- Ross Kemp in Afghanistan is about Ross Kemp the journalist and narrator doing a documentary on the war in Afghanistan. The documentary is about the soldiers lives in the war, how they miss their families and friends, the impact on the soldier’s families, the soldiers mental/physical health and how they work out and t rain and finally how the Afghanistan civilians feel about living in a war zone!This documentary is trying to show us that army life is not that good. When you watch the documentary it shows how lucky we are to have stuff which they don’t have or aren’t very good e. g. a shower and bed. It also shows that being in the army is quite scary because you don’t know if you’re going to live through the day or if you’re not going to see your family again. This documentary is being told by Ross Kemp and his filming crew, the crew films it life and Ross Kemp is the narrator. The British Army and the Taliban are involved in the war.I think this documentary is unique because it is actually educating us and showing us what it is really like in the war and it should teach people not to take advantage of what they have got. Representation:- There are many different groups represented in the text the first being the British Army. The British Army in this documentar y are being represented as strong and willing to fight for our country. It’s no all fun and happiness. The soldiers are hit emotionally because of what is happening around them. At the beginning they felt scared, act childish. By being in the army they change the way they act and think.The soldiers can’t wait to put all there training into action in the war zone. In this documentary the army are fighting for their country and the civilians of Afghanistan. When there on patrol they are grown-up and professional but in the documentary after their time on patrol when Ross Kemp interviewed them they were thinking of leaving the army because now they know it isn’t all fun being in the army. Their families have to keep strong for their soldiers. In the documentary there families were described to be nervous and anxious and loyal they don’t leave them they stick by their soldiers.The documentary had a mother interviewed about her 19 year old son who died on patr ol she was strong, devastated and distraught but she gave Ross Kemp a video of how her son died to go in the documentary. The civilians in Afghanistan were prepared to negotiate with the British Army but they never gave to much information because they were scared some think will happen to them. The cautions for the civilians are that they are in a middle of a battle zone. The Taliban’s were described as very tactical, strong well a d trained. Media Language:- Camera shots/lighting:-I am going to talk about a range of camera shots. Firstly in shot 1 the section uses both formative approach and realistic approach. It was a bird’s eye view shot and it showed that the land was deserted nothing was to be seen. The main focus more or less was central it showed how powerful a machine gun really is. The powerful feeling is emphasised because the weapon is closest to the camera. Secondly, shot 3 was a close up of Ross Kemp on the ground lying down. This shot made you feel clau strophobic and it gives you the Idea of the closeness of the soldiers and how they rely on each other a lot.Unlike shot 1 this shot does not use deep focus as Ross Kemp is to remain the central focus of this camera shot. We are faced with montage of shots of weapons, action shots, training and frontline Shot 4 was a medium long-shot. Ross Kemp and the soldiers was on the helicopter and the door was down the light was shining through and Ross Kemp walked out. The light was bright and it represented heaven or walking through the tunnel of death or as some people will say walking into the unknown because they don’t know what is going to happen once they step outside the helicopter.The connotations are to this shot is that it’s like death because they use the helicopter to take bodies back to England. In shot 7, it the mis en scene is contradictory uses an extreme close-up of a barbed wire this could have represented danger/keep-out or it was like representing prison for t he Afghanistan civilians or maybe it could be protecting them from danger. The barbed wire is dark and gloomy but there was a beautiful sunset behind the barbed wire. The lighting uses juxtaposition between the darkness/ danger of barbed wire and natural beauty of the sunlight.Costumes/Props/Sounds The costumes for this documentary where mainly army uniform which is mainly good because it camouflages the soldiers because the colours are beiges and browns and creams because of the desert colours. They will be recognised by their blood type which is sewed on to there arm of the uniform mainly because if they get killed they can be recognised There are lots of weapons in this documentary and whenever they’re in shot there in centre to look more powerful the weapons become the uniform.The documentary uses synchronous sound (Recording, happening with action) volume sounds increased to be more powerful and that your there and fear the feelings of the soldiers. The shouting of the s oldiers emphasises the chaos. Context:- The 9/11 documentary was based on the attack on the twin towers. The 9/11 attack were a series of coordinated suicide attacks by al-Qaeda upon the United States on September 11, 2001. The location’s of the attacks were New York city Arlington County, Virginia and near Shanks Ville, Pennsylvania.The types of attack were Aircraft hijacking, Mass murder and Suicide attack. It killed 2,976 victims and 19 hijackers and injured 6,000. Both buildings collapsed within two hours, destroying nearby buildings and damaging others. The hijackers crashed a third airliner into the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, just outside Washington, D. C. The fourth plane crashed into a field near Shanks Ville in rural Pennsylvania, after some of its passengers and flight crew attempted to retake control of the plane, which the hijackers had redirected toward Washington, D. C.There were no survivors from any of the flights. Audience:- The audience for this docume ntary is a little bit different to the audience from Ross Kemp in Afghanistan, mainly because this documentary is more aimed at firemen or young people wanting to join the services but the Ross Kemp is for soldiers. Narrative:- 9/11 was originally based on a probe fire fighter called Tony. The documentary was meant to be about a boy becoming a man from his job at an early stage into it. The directors for this documentary were two brothers called Jules Naudet and Geodeon Naudet.They didn’t mean to record the 9/11 attack. It was an accident. The plane was that low it caught everyone’s attention, including the two brothers filming. Planes are never seen around the area of the twin towers. This documentary has real live footage from the horrific terrorist attack. There is emotional footage and interviews with fire fighters who showed their feelings about the attack. A number of them said ‘they would have to learn to love the job again’ because of what they all had to go through, digging to find either dead people or survives.Everybody lost someone or someone’s close to them because of the attack 9/11 but even though the firemen thoughts were about the safety of their family, they were still determined to save other civilians with the help of the support of the public. Most of the fire fighters had flashbacks of what happened that very day. In the documentary, throughout the attack on the twin towers news broadcasts were shown on the news, either from the location or pictures from the viewers. They were edited to fit the documentary to show different sides of the attack.The 9/11 and Ross Kemp in Afghanistan have some similarities. They both used hand held cameras to shoot the action happening around them. In the Ross Kemp documentary they had a helmet camera too. Also they both shoot on the location which the documentaries are about. Both firemen and soldiers while being interviewed questioned their jobs after and while the attack were happening. On the other hand both documentaries have some differences, while the firemen and soldiers were being interviewed they both had different approaches. The 9/11 used formal interviews.They interviewed the eye witness after the attack but in Ross Kemps documentary the interviews were informal they recorded on the location while the attack was happening. Both of the documentaries have different cultures for example the two French narrators expressed their emotions by hugging and kissing each others heads but the American firemen just hugged each other and shacked each others hands. They showed their emotions differently. Representation:- There are many different groups represented in the 9/11 documentary. The first being New York firemen from ladder 1.At the beginning they were relaxed and joked around with Tony teasing him. On the job they was represented as serious, brave and professional firemen, while the attacks were happening they seemed shocked, distraught and sel fless fore example one firemen leaned over one of the film-makers to keep him safe and he didn’t care about him self. He risked his own life to protect another civilian. All of the firemen were very emotional and had open feelings after the attack. Secondly the civilians who were represented as disbelief and shocked, people idn’t have a clue what was going on, Felt helpless that they couldn’t do nothing, They also felt concern for others around or in the buildings but for them self’s too. Thirdly the film-makers, they shared the same emotions as the civilians such as scared, helpless and they also panicked but they were brave and for the others they put on a straight face. Also they was respectful because there were two people on fire and they never filmed it but they said’ to my left there are two people on fire it doesn’t feel right to film it’.They were professional because they focused on filming and let the film-maker take over. The filming was by two brothers which had different culture to the American. Their emotions are more open than the American’s. They were loyal, loving and caring towards each other. The Ross Kemp in Afghanistan and the 9/11 have a few similarities. They both risked there life’s and are seen as hero’s or angles but also they joke around but remain professional when it counts. The documentaries were both filmed on the location and they both risked their lives to get real footage of the war and attacks.Also the both documentaries have some differences. The firemen are there to save life’s and put out fires but the soldiers are there to kill there targets and protect the civilians of the country there fighting. The firemen are more emotional than the soldiers because if someone died in the army in the war zone they have to leave the dead soldier and carry on with the job but the firemen will carry them or take them to safety. The 9/11 attack was unexpected bu t the Ross- Kemp was planned. Media Language:- Camera Shots:-Camera shot one is a pan shot of the people in the street around the twin towers. This shot shows how the attack effected everyone even tourists. Also it showed all the different life styles from business men to mothers. This shot allows the audience to see the twin towers and how it affected everyone there. This camera shot is a worm eye view shot. This shot shows how large the twin towers and buildings around are but at this point none of the towers had been touched yet. This shot gives us an impression that the twin towers are powerful and the status is looking up at them.Camera shot three, is a close up of the firemen. The reason for this shot is to show the emotions of the firemen, which were shocked and anxious. Also to show their expressions, this shot could represent the firemen asking god for help or they were looking up to heaven, also it could suggest death! This camera shot is of the American flag. It is a medi an low angle shot. This shot of the flag could represent power, pride for the country or maybe it’s a symbol. When the flag was shown it was meant to show joy and pride but after the attack the joy died.Tony the probe had to raise the flag everyday and pull it down every night to show respect, that they still think about there friend who died in a fire trying to save someone. After the attack on the twin towers Tony had to pull down the flag to show joy that none of his brothers died from the firehouse but he didn’t want to raise or pull it down again because of all the death that happened that day. Camera shot five is of both twin towers but one has already had the plane crash into it. This shot is a median long shot it also has some mis en scene in it, there’s smoke paper and mist in this shot.The paper is flying around in the air coming down to the ground and settling also the smoke shows confusion because people couldn’t see where they were going but there was daylight through the top of the sky before and after the attack. There was blue sky one side and the other side dear focus onto one tower at this moment the other tower wasn’t touched at this stage. The paper and ashes could show and look like bodies burnet. The paper could also indicate to being confetti but confetti is to celebrate and it represents happiness but in this documentary it’s about death. Camera shot 6 is a long shot of after the attack.All of the people who were in the attack looked the same because of the ash, this could suggest that everyone is the same underneath but also it could show that all of the civilians have experienced the same thing. While the ash was falling down to the ground it looked like snow this is ironic because snow is associated with Christmas which Is a time of good will and cheer. Costumes/ Props:- Again the 9/11 only had one costume. Which was the firemen’s uniform, wearing this uniform it gave the firemen sense of pride and a sense of unity and togetherness, because in the 9/11 documentary the firemen talked about being brothers.The uniform also was protective in case of an emergency. It also gave them power wearing the uniform, the people of New York and from all over looked up to the fire-fighters for all there hard-work and effort. If the firemen got lost or hurt they wear badges with there fire stations and ladder they work at so people can recognize the fire-fighters, this is similar to the soldiers from Ross- Kemp documentary and the way they have the regiment and battalion they belong to, on their uniform. Compare to the soldiers the way that their uniform gives them a sense of pride and unity.The civilian’s clothes reflected that there were people from all over the world from different cultures and countries. This emphasises how it had an impact on everyone not just New-York civilians. The clothes of the civilians mirrored the destruction of the twin-towers as clothing got torn and tatty further on in the documentary. There were some props. Mainly there was paper floating in the sky from the building also there was business men with brief-cases and woman with shopping bags and pushchairs plus cameras and phones from all of the civilians.

Free Essays on William Wordsworth

worth decided to construct this poem because his memory alone was not serving the purpose which was to keep the Abbey alive. He had taken a mental picture of the Abbey and tried to hold onto it for as long as he could but it became too difficult to relay the message and sight to others so thus came the arrival of â€Å"Lines Composed a ... Free Essays on William Wordsworth Free Essays on William Wordsworth William Wordsworth In William Wordsworth’s poems, â€Å"Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey† and â€Å"She Was a Phantom of Delight,† the theme of memory is used as a powerful and creative force. In â€Å"Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey,† Wordsworth recalls a time five years ago when he took a trip to the Abbey. Through his words he is able to convey the emotion and beauty of the Abbey to his audience. In the first several lines alone, you can visualize the Abbey and Wordsworth’s memory is what brings it to life. â€Å"Five years have past; five summers, with the length of five long winter! And again I hear these waters, rolling from their mountain-springs with a soft inland murmur,† (lines 1-4, page 47). With one glance at the sight before him, William Wordsworth has again been hypnotized by the presence of the Abbey. He talks about the time that has passed and the sounds that he can hear echoing through the air. All of this is traveling back to him and he begins to remember the first time that he saw this same sight. There is one particular part of the poem where it becomes completely obvious that Wordsworth has dreamt about this sight for quite some time. â€Å"†¦The picture of the mind revives again: while here I stand, not only with the sense of present pleasure, but with pleasing thoughts that in this moment there is life and food for future years, † (lines 63-67, page 49). The picture that Wordsworth has been carrying all these years was just a memory that he has had to hold on to until the next time that he would see the Abbey. I believe that William Wordsworth decided to construct this poem because his memory alone was not serving the purpose which was to keep the Abbey alive. He had taken a mental picture of the Abbey and tried to hold onto it for as long as he could but it became too difficult to relay the message and sight to others so thus came the arrival of â€Å"Lines Composed a ...

Jackson Pollock`s action painting Number 1, 1949

Jackson Pollock`s action painting Number 1, 1949 Jackson Pollock`s action painting Number 1, 1949 reflects a deeply personal experience for the artist. Explore this connection between artist and artistic process.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Jackson Pollock`s action painting Number 1, 1949 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Introduction Paul Jackson Pollock was an Abstract Expressionist painter whose work became influential among American painters that culminated in the abstract expressionist movement. Jackson Pollock was born in Cody, Wyoming on January 28, 1912, with four older brothers. His early life was influenced by Native American culture until he moved to New York City in 1930. Thomas Hart Benton was a major influence on Pollock since Benton taught him the rhythmic use of paint. Pollock developed a new form of painting called the ‘drip’ technique where he laid out canvases on the studio floor, and painted colorful images using hard brush es. The drip technique required a fluid viscosity paint which led Pollock to create alkyd enamels which he applied on the canvases using hardened brushes, sticks and also basting syringes (Saunders, 2000). Pollock literally poured and dripped paint onto the canvases as a form of artistic expression leading to the term ‘action painting’. After his death on August 11, 1956 Pollock was accorded a memorial display exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York City, in December the same year before another more comprehensive exhibition at the same venue in 1967. His work was to later be publicized through another extensive exhibition at MoMA and The Tate in London in 1998 and 1999. Personal experiences Pollock began to formally study painting at the Manual Arts High School in Los Angeles in 1928. However, he had been initially exposed to Native American culture while still young and the Native American art became a form of foundation for his early art and most o f his paintings had innuendos of Native American elements.  Pollock later studied at the Art Students League in New York City in 1929 under the guidance of Thomas Hart Benton (Naifeh Smith, 1989). His tutor Benton taught him how to analyze paintings as well as the fundamentals of drawing and composition and the teacher’s influence was clearly visible in Pollocks early paintings of the realistic portrayal of life in America. Pollock however felt the need to express his true emotions through art which led him to opt for different techniques which were self oriented consequently creating more colorful but abstract paintings (Saunders, 2000).Advertising Looking for term paper on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More By 1945 Pollock’s paintings were completely abstract with his work evolved from an impressionist into a pure introspective art which portrayed the immediate and insightful expressio ns of the artist’s mentality (Naifeh, 1991). It is at this point that Pollock deviated from conventional techniques to introduce the ‘drip’ method of applying paint to canvas. In Portrait and a Dream of 1953 for instance, he intertwined streams of black paint on the left side of the canvas which are completely abstract (Saunders, 2000). The right side however bears black lines that form a womans head, which Pollock then shaded with the colors red, yellow, pink, and gray. Several critics believe the paintings completed during this period were the best Pollock ever produced.  They were of the opinion that the conventional techniques lacked depth and art needed in the subjective perspective of the artist in order to be fully understood and appreciated (Naifeh, 1991). That is why he stopped naming his paintings in the conventional format and started numbering them instead. He was of the view that titles greatly limited the expression of a painting but through num bering, observers would approach the painting with an open mind (Varnedoe Karmel, 2001). The success of the ‘drip’ technique led him to change his lifestyle which eventually led to a period of profound depression brought upon by marital problems to artist Lee Krasner, crisis and doubt in his life in the early 1950s (Riedman, 1995). He had a major problem of alcoholism which threatened to destroy his career and his marriage. Soon after, he discontinued the ‘drip’ technique to return to traditional brush painting but this time he used black-and-white canvases and the paintings suggesting a turning point in his life after overcoming the depression (Naifeh Smith, 1989). He however did return to using color after his audience started expressing doubt about the success of his newly adopted form of art. The doubt cast upon him by his audience brought back the acute depression he had suffered and he once again receded to alcohol. Alcoholism proved to be a toug h challenge for Pollock to tackle especially after the death of the doctor who had counseled him through withdrawal process and by 1955 he had stopped painting altogether which resulted to heavy drinking. Pollock died in a car crash on August 11, 1956 while driving drunk, after he overturned his convertible, killing himself and a passenger (Cernuschi, 1992).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Jackson Pollock`s action painting Number 1, 1949 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Painting Number 1, 1949 A visual/analytical description Pollock’s poured patterns on Painting Number 1, 1949 differ from the conventional shapes of the straight lines, triangles and the wide range of other artificial shapes belonging to Euclidean geometry. The poured painting can more accurately be described as organic because the painting in a larger perspective alludes to nature. Euclidean shapes have a smoothness which the painting lac ks, rather it consist of patterns that reappear on finer levels that help build up shapes of enormous intricacy (Varnedoe Karmel, 2001). A similar example is that of Blue Poles: Number 11, 1952 which has the proportions of size as 210.4cm by 486.8cm (Cernuschi, 1992). Painting Number 1, 1949 is an exceptional example of Pollocks style of gesture or action painting. Painting Number 1, 1949 illustrates Pollocks drips, or flung paint, which he painted in a rhythmic, undulating style (Riedman, 1995). By the time Pollock completed Painting Number 1, 1949, he had moved the canvas from the easel onto the floor, allowing him to relate uniformly with all the four sides of the canvas. Pollock had pushed aside the paintbrush a few years earlier and opting to apply paint with non-conventional tools such as sticks and spatulas (Saunders, 2000). The position of the heavily encrusted paint resulting from the movement of Pollocks body through space aptly records his routine (Cernuschi, 1992). It is possible for an observer to follow and copy an individual string of paint through its random twists and turns so as to reconstruct the artist’s movement. The painting as a consequence pulsates with the presence of the artist and echoes with Pollocks movement as the artist transverses over and across the canvas. Completed in the late 1940s, Painting Number 1, 1949 is an example of the work Pollock produced when he was sober. Painting Number 1, 1949 is an early illustration of his drips, technique for it maintains a tentative eminence due to the fact that the technique was still emerging to Pollock (Naifeh Smith, 1989). Painting Number 1, 1949 symbolizes the wholesome abstraction Pollock had achieved by the end of the 1940s. Painting Number 1, 1949 forms an all-over image in which lacks the focal point, thus all parts of the painting bear comparable significance (Saunders, 2000). There is no color which is prioritized; yellow, black, pink, blue and white paints are even ly distributed but the pink and blue paints are more subtle only in the areas that the other colors overlap them. Advertising Looking for term paper on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The absence of a focal point also allows the observer to wholly view the entire painting, denying the observer’s effort to remain perceptive on one particular area of the painting and moreover, the eye perceives the painting as a single unit rather than in segments. Theme The theme of Painting Number 1, 1949 as well as other Pollock’s paintings completed in the late 1940s is contemporary self-preoccupations. Pollock used the abstracts to define the way he was thinking at a subconscious level and not his impression of the world (Naifeh Smith, 1989). He intentionally allowed the observers of the painting to understand the perception of the artist rather than let the observers comprehend the social perspective of the artist. Pollock therefore used Painting Number 1, 1949 to express the occurrences in his life and mind unlike conventional artists. Pollock had for a long time been searching for a technique that would defy conventional painting techniques since he felt th at conventional techniques did not represent art. His first painting to attempt to break this barrier was Mural in which he vaguely applied the â€Å"drip† technique. Conclusion Early life experiences with Native Americans can be said to have played a crucial foundational role in the inception of the Paul Jackson Pollock’s ‘drip’ technique. The Going West painting was among the first paintings which illustrated the commencement of Jackson Pollock’s inclination towards abstract paintings. Pollock was still a student of Thomas Hart Benton, but it was already apparent that they differed in terms of perception. She-Wolf, which was completed in 1943, was Jackson Pollock’s first abstract painting. Benton had already influenced him in that Pollock was no longer interested in conventional paintings, rather he needed to venture out like Benton and create art that not only represented people but of life itself (Saunders, 2000). Pollock abandoned the R egionalist style and opted for abstracted images, color contrasts and dense surfaces that were identical to the work of Picasso (Naifeh, 1991). In She-Wolf, Pollock integrated elements that reveal his interest in mythology. The painting was based on the story of the founders of Rome, Romulus and Remus who were suckled by a female wolf and from this painting; Pollock would specialize in the abstract technique (Riedman, 1995). Subsequent paintings were not widely received, for instance Mural of 1943-1944 which is the largest painting that was created by Pollock. This is also the first painting that was taken off the easel and onto the floor (Saunders, 2000). In addition, the Mural painting was the first painting that Pollock used the â€Å"drip† technique on. From Mural, Pollock would only get better at his technique and he followed up mural with Composition (White, Black, Blue and Red on White) in 1948. It is in Composition that Pollock completely discontinued the illustrati on of identifiable images and this painting had no representation of human or animal form. Cernuschi, Claude. Jackson Pollock: meaning and significance. New York: Icon Editions, 1992. Print. Naifeh, Steven. Jackson Pollock: an American saga. New York: HarperPerennial, 1991. Print. Naifeh, Steven and Smith, Gwen. Jackson Pollock: an American saga. New York: Clarkson N. Potter, 1989. Print. Riedman, BH. Jackson Pollock: energy made visible. New York: Da Capo Press, 1995. Print. Saunders, Frances Stoner. The Cultural Cold War: The CIA and the World of Arts and Letters. New York: Free Press, 2000. Print. Varnedoe, Krum. Karmel, Pumes. Jackson Pollock: Essays, Chronology, and Bibliography. New York: Macmillan Press, 2001. Print.

Effect of positive feedback on achievement Essay

Effect of positive feedback on achievement - Essay Example The study focuses upon the impact of positive feedback on achievement. This might be best supported by the idea of formative assessment techniques, which help in shaping a student’s learning ability and educational gains acquired by the child during the process of classroom education. Interaction between a teacher and a student is the key to improvement in the effective gains from education accruing to the student. Formative educational techniques entail the diagnostic application of evaluation means where the teacher needs to assess a student based on observations, discussions in the classrooms, homework done by the student, tests and analysis of the work of a student. Taras (2008) notes that much needs to be done in order to understand the recent improvements or changes brought about in the area of assessment in education. Black & William (1998) in their work â€Å"Inside the Black Box† observe that the evaluation system is formative when the feedbacks or information collected by the teachers are utilized in reshaping the teaching and learning process such that the actual requirements are met. These might incorporate some alternative teaching practices, adjustments in the instruction or providing more occasions for practice to the students. The aim of this paper is to explore the impact of positive feedback on the achievement of an individual with a focus on the areas of improvement essential for the implementation of formative assessment procedures. In the context of education, assessment plays a very important role. This is especially true in case of children and adolescents. Certain teachers believe that earning involves the transfer of knowledge from the teachers to the learners and understanding can develop later. Others are committed to form a teaching base, which involves interactions. In such an environment formative

Psychology discussion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Psychology discussion - Assignment Example Keeping in mind my family, I would prefer going to some other city to look out for an employment. While making this decision, I would think of my children’s education and my family’s welfare. Considering all these factors I would decide on taking up an employment rather than getting a college degree. If I decide to go back to college for getting a degree, it will certainly affect my children’s future as I will not have sufficient funds to take care of my family. This may cause adverse effects. The criteria like trend of the industry which I have decided to work and my career prospects have to be considered.(McKay 2008). Switching the career or the industry may help in my future. Since relocating would be of great help in finding me a job immediately, I would decide on moving to a different city. This decision would definitely help in improving my career and my family’s